Bibliographic record
Abstract
Erythrocyte ghosts isolated in hemolytic hypotonic buffers, pH 7.0-8.0, 0-4°C were previously observed to be crenated by electrolytes. This shape transformation, which occurred rapidly and reversibly, was attributed to electrostatic interactions of cations with flexible filamentous anionic spectrin, the major protein component of the skeleton and/or anionic phospholipids, since divalent cationic salts crenated at concentrations substantially lower than those of monovalent cationic salts and that crenation appeared unrelated to the anion species. However, crenation by electrolytes was markedly influenced by ionic conditions and temperature. A mechanism of the erythrocyte shape control has been previously suggested in which band 3 (AE1), exchanging the monovalent anions Cl - and HCO 3 - and linked to spectrin, plays a pivotal role. Briefly, the alternative recruitment of its inward-facing (band 3 i ) and outward-facing (band 3 o ) conformations contract and relax the skeleton, thereby promoting echinocytosis and stomatocytosis, respectively. Band 3 transports also other anions, including endogenous inorganic phosphate, but at a slow rate. This mechanism would explain the above observations and would lead to some inferences, one of which is a Cl - -dependent crenation by Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ , suggesting that they specifically bind on sites on spectrin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".