Double Homeobox Protein DUX 4 in the Human Lung: Expression under Normal and Pathological Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The double homeobox gene DUX 4 is encoded by a highly conserved open reading frame located in a 3.3 kb macrosatellite repeat sequence on chromosome 4, named D4Z4 locus. Current knowledge of DUX 4 protein expression has been focused on its role in muscle derived pathological disorders. Previous transcriptome analyses of the human lung revealed ubiquitous expression in both normal and non-small cell lung carcinoma tissues. The lack of existing data of functional DUX 4 in the lung prompted a detailed investigation on DUX 4 protein expression in specimens from normal lung and lung tumors as well as NSCLC cell lines by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. The majority of all tested lung (tumor) tissues and all cell lines consistently exhibited measurable levels of DUX 4 protein. Immunohistochemical DUX 4 expression was evident in the cytoplasm and to a lesser extent in the nucleus, with positively stained tissue ranging between 10 and 50% of the whole tumor in most cases. Likewise, in 20-30% of selected lung tumor cell lines, nucleus-associated DUX 4 was detected by both IHC and IF. Western blot analysis consistently revealed DUX 4 protein bands in the tissue lysates. For the first time, DUX 4 protein has been reported in normal human lung tissues as well as NSCLC. Further evaluation of transcription and functionality of this particular homeobox protein are in progress in order to validate these results and to elucidate the possible role of DUX 4 in the human lung.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".