Physical durability and stability of olive cake briquettes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Al-Widyan, M.I., Al-Jalil, H.F., Abu-Zreig, M.M. and Abu-Hamdeh, N.H. 2002. Physical durability and stability of olive cake briquettes. Canadian Biosystems Engineering/Le genie des biosystemes au Canada 44: 3.41-3.45. Olive pressing in Jordan generates large amounts of olive cake that impose disposal and environmental problems. The full benefits of densifying olive cake for energy or other uses are realized only if the physical quality of densified units is secured. Thus, this work involved evaluating the physical quality of olive cake briquettes made by compressing loose olive cake in a closed-end cylindrical die using a hydraulic press under different levels of stress, moisture content, and dwell time. A data acquisition system was used to collect load and deformation data from a load cell and a linear variable differential transformer. It was found that only moisture content and stress had significant effects on briquette durability and stability. Linear models to predict briquette durability and relaxed density as a function of stress and moisture content were developed. Material moisture content had a greater impact on quality, probably due to favorable effects of biological activity. The significance of stress on quality vanished at moisture content greater than 30% (w.b.). The stress and moisture content levels of 35 MPa and 30 to 35% with dwell time of 5 s or less were considered optimal, resulting in highly durable olive cake briquettes with relaxed density of about 1100 to 1300 kg/m, which is more than twice the density of the loose material.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".