Biological and Serological Identification of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) and Its Distribution in Iraq
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) was identified by means of symptoms on indicator plants, transmission by aphids, and serological characteristics. Symptoms of yellowing and stunting were appeared on leaf tips of Hordium vulgare, Triticum aestivum, and Avena fatua accompanied by stem stunting. Four species of aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis, R. padi, Macrosiphum avenae, and Schizaphis graminum were found vectoring the virus. Extracts from wheat and barley plants showing yellowing and stunting were reacted positively with polyclonal anti-BYDV antiserum in DAS-ELISA. Most of samples that gave positive reactions by ELISA gave positive reactions with tissue blot immunoassay (TBIA). Higher incidence of BYDV was found in the northern parts of Iraq. Several economical and weed plants, collected from wheat and barley fields and vicinity sites have been found to harbor the virus. These hosts may acts as virus reservoir transmitting to wheat and barley plants by aphids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".