Pharmacoeconomics of elderly vaccination against invasive pneumococcal infections: costeffectiveness analyses and implications for The Netherlands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We performed a review of cost-effectiveness of elderly pneumococcal vaccination to prevent invasive disease. It concerns studies in the USA, Canada, Netherlands and Spain and a multinational study of five European countries. Cost-effectiveness of elderly vaccination against invasive pneumococcal infections varies from cost-saving to EUR 33,000 per life-year gained. The Dutch study estimates cost-effectiveness at EUR 10,100 per life-year gained (price level: 1995). This is below the level that has recently been defined for treatment of high cholesterol (EUR 20,000 per life-year gained) and may therefore be considered as favorable. Almost all studies base their estimate of vaccine efficacy on the same case-control study from the USA. We identify a need for a systematic review on the efficacy of the pneumococcal vaccine. Also, we suggest further analysis with respect to potential effects on cost-effectiveness of extended influenza vaccination for the Dutch elderly in recent years and inclusion of pneumococcal re-vaccination. Pending this additional information, we conclude that cost-effectiveness of vaccination against invasive pneumococcal infections for Dutch elderly is favorable (as in several other countries) and justifies implementation from a pharmacoeconomic point of view.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".