Particle Size Effects on Ice Crystal Accretion - Part II
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes ongoing research intended to simulate ice accretion in an inter-compressor duct bleed slot resulting from the ingestion of altitude ice crystals. The authors have previously shown that ice crystal particle size plays an important role in the ice crystal accretion phenomenon. It was also shown that ice crystal particle size affects the degree of natural melt that occurs for a given aerodynamic condition. The data presented herein decouples the effects of ice particle melt and particle size distribution to generate accretions with the same ratio of freestream liquid-to-total water fraction. The effects of wet bulb temperature and ice particle size on the natural melting of ice crystals are discussed. An ice preservation procedure is followed to allow tracings of the accretion to be taken along the test article. Ice crystal particle size distribution is characterized using a shadowgraphy imaging technique. Finally, the reduction in accretion rate relative to the theoretical maximum rate of surface accretion by ice crystal particles is discussed. The test article simulates a forward facing, inclined endwall bleed slot in a gas turbine compressor as a simplified two-dimensional representation. The geometry, having a surface inclined 20° to the incoming flow, proved to be susceptible to mixed phase ice crystal accretion. Particle size and particularly the large particle tail of the distribution had a significant impact on the magnitude of accretion under mixed phase test conditions for wet bulb temperatures above and below 0°C. The leading edge growth rates were found to be 1/4 to 1/9 of the theoretical growth rate suggesting that erosion, splashing, particle bounce and other loss mechanism rates are significant. The ice tracings were used to estimate an accretion mass for a hypothetical large bypass ratio gas turbine. It was found that approximately 4kg of ice could be generated should the inter-compressor duct be exposed to the conditions tested for 5 minutes. © 2013 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it