Early, Active, and Specific Localization of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 gM to Nuclear Membranes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thirteen different glycoproteins are incorporated into mature herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) virions. Five of them play important roles during entry, while others intervene during egress of the virus. Although HSV-1 gM is not essential in cell culture, its deletion reduces viral yields and promotes syncytium formation. Furthermore, gM is conserved among herpesviruses, is essential for several of them, and can redirect the gD and gH/gL viral glycoproteins from the cell surface to the trans-Golgi network, where gM presumably modulates final capsid envelopment. Late in infection, gM reaches the nuclear envelope and decorates perinuclear virions. This process seemingly requires U(L)31 and U(L)34 and occurs when several markers of the trans-Golgi network have relocalized to the nucleus. However, the precise mechanism of gM nuclear targeting is unclear. We now report that gM is quickly and specifically targeted to nuclear membranes in a virus-dependent manner. This occurs prior to the HSV-1-induced reorganization of the trans-Golgi network and before gM enters the secretory pathway. The presence of a high-mannose glycosylation pattern on gM further corroborated these findings. While gM was targeted to the inner nuclear membrane early in infection, its partners gD, gH, gN, VP22, U(L)31, and U(L)34 did not colocalize with gM. These data suggest that nuclear gM fulfills an early nuclear function that is independent of its known interaction partners and its function in viral egress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".