Caribbean and Pacific moisture sources on the Isthmus of Panama revealed from stalagmite and surface water <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O gradients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We test the hypothesis that the Pacific Ocean contributes moisture to the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) over southern Central America, by spatial analysis of surface water δ18O values from Panama and Costa Rica. The δ18O values decrease with distance from the Caribbean Sea to the isthmian divide then gradually increase from the divide toward the Pacific slope, which suggests a contribution of both Caribbean and Pacific sourced moisture to the isthmus. We estimated the Pacific moisture contribution for Pacific slope regions of 22% to 64%. The δ18O values from stalagmites from five cave systems demonstrate decreasing δ18O values with distance from the Caribbean, implicating the Atlantic Basin as a dominant moisture source. Constraining modern moisture sources is important for the interpretation of stable isotopic proxy records of past rainfall, because of the combined influence of Pacific and Atlantic ocean‐atmosphere phenomena on ITCZ rainfall over the Isthmus of Panama.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".