Cross Talk between the Insulin and Wnt Signaling Pathways: Evidence from Intestinal Endocrine L Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The proglucagon gene (glu) encodes the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), produced in the intestinal endocrine L cells. We found previously that the bipartite transcription factor beta-catenin/T cell factor (cat/TCF), the major effector of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, activates intestinal glu expression and GLP-1 production. We show here that 100 nm insulin stimulated glu expression and enhanced GLP-1 content in the intestinal GLUTag L cell line as well as in primary fetal rat intestinal cell cultures. Increased intestinal glu mRNA expression and GLP-1 content were also observed in vivo in hyperinsulinemic MKR mice. In the GLUTag cells, insulin-induced activation of glu expression occurred through the same TCF site that mediates cat/TCF activation. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibition, but not protein kinase B inhibition, attenuated the stimulation by insulin. Furthermore, nuclear beta-catenin content in the intestinal L cells was increased by insulin. Finally, insulin enhanced the binding of TCF-4 and beta-catenin to the TCF site in the glu promoter G2 enhancer element, as determined by quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Collectively, these findings indicate that enhancement of beta-catenin nuclear translocation and cat/TCF binding are among the mechanisms underlying cross talk between the insulin and Wnt signaling pathways in intestinal endocrine L cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".