Modelling of curling in desiccating clay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates the significant curling that occurs when thin soil layers undergo desiccation. Curling deformations, in the form of (1) lifting off from the edges (generating a concave surface), or (2) lifting off from the middle (creating a convex surface), are reported in the drying of soft soil and concrete pavements in the field. This paper presents experimental observations of significant curling of both forms 1 and 2 in wet soil specimens under controlled drying conditions. A theoretical explanation for curling is presented on the basis of unsaturated soil mechanics. The curling was primarily attributed to differential shrinkage strain increments that occur down the soil profile and their variation with the progression of desiccation. Making use of nonlinear elasticity theory under large deformations and measured properties, the shrinkage and curling deformations were modelled using the FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) computer program. The modelling approach appears to capture the observed behaviour of curling during desiccation.Key words: shrinkage, clay, curling, suction, desiccation, moisture migration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".