Structural performance of scrap tire culverts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Culverts constructed of whole truck tires are a cost-effective alternative for draining water from small drainage basins with areas up to several hectares. Truck tire culvert design involves both hydraulic and structural performance considerations. This paper focuses on the structural considerations. Structural performance of truck tire culverts depends on the strength and stiffness of the truck tires and on their interaction with the surrounding backfill soil. The strength and stiffness properties of truck tires were determined by parallel plate testing. Field tests were conducted to evaluate the soil-structure interaction of buried truck tire culverts under a relatively shallow backfill. Responses with well-compacted and uncompacted (dumped) glacial till backfill soil were compared. Drawing on the results of the parallel plate tests and using the buried conduit test results for calibration, the Culvert Analysis and Design (CANDE) program was used to assess the load response of a truck tire culvert for a variety of backfill soils and to develop structural performance-based design guidelines.Key words: scrap tires, culvert, parallel plate test, field testing, CANDE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".