DYNAMIC POWDER CRYSTALLOGRAPHY WITH SYNCHROTRON X-RAY SOURCES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The increased brightness, tunability, low divergence and low emittance of X-ray beams available at synchrotron X-ray sources facilitate a variety of powder-diffraction experiments not practical using conventional in-house sources. Furthermore, the in-creased availability of fast position-sensitive detectors, along with implementation of improved software, make possible new classes of experiments. These include time-resolved powder-diffraction of phase transitions, precipitation, recrystallization and ion-exchange reactions. Examples of time-resolved studies that highlight some of these developments include: (1) observations of the phases forming during reaction under controlled hydrothermal conditions (e.g., FeS); (2) full Rietveld structure refinement using time-resolved data to determine the mechanism of ion exchange in zeolites. The advent of area detectors, commonly coupled with focusing optics at synchrotrons, will further increase the time resolution at the synchrotron, possibly leading to a data glut. Solutions are available now, and developments in the near term will allow semi-automatic decisions on which datasets to analyze amongst the thousands collected.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".