WINDS OVER TROUBLED WATERS: TEMPORAL CHANGES IN THE ONSET AND INTENSITY OF COASTAL ALONGSHORE WINDS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The timing, duration, and intensity of wind-driven upwelling and downwelling along the north Eastern Pacific coast play an integral role in coastal circulation and basin-wide ecosystem composition.It has been suggested that global warming will cause changes in these winds.Here we develop objective criteria to determine the onset, duration and intensity of upwelling and downwelling seasons due to local wind forcing.We use these criteria to examine and better characterize temporal trends in wind-driven coastal currents by allowing a flexible onset to each season, and relate them to global warming and large-scale climate oscillations in the coastal ocean between northern California and Vancouver Island (39° and 51°N).We find an exceptionally variable onset of upwelling at all locations.No significant trends in the timing and duration were found.Positive phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation are correlated to later and shorter upwelling seasons, but not necessarily weaker upwelling.Warm phases of the El Niño Southern Oscillation are correlated with an earlier onset of summer upwelling, and with more intense downwelling throughout the study area.Our analysis identifies strong interannual to interdecadal variability, and the importance of time series length when isolating physical temporal trends influenced by large-scale oscillatory behaviour of the climate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".