Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel power-efficient architecture for a multilevel pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) transmitter is proposed. A data-look-ahead technique is used to pre-switch the current sources so that drive current is reduced when transmitting small voltage levels. This technique also eliminates the need for a pre-driver block, which also saves transmitter power. Based on this architecture, a 4-PAM transmitter is designed in 0.18-/spl mu/m standard digital CMOS technology. The transmitter achieves 3.5 GS/s (7 Gb/s) with a 1.7-V supply and 5 GS/s (10 Gb/s) with a 2-V supply and it occupies an area of 0.16 mm/sup 2/. The output driver and the entire transmitter consume only 11.25 and 66 mW at 7 Gb/s (20 and 121 mW at 10 Gb/s), respectively, which are the lowest reported powers at this speed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".