α-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in acute rotenone toxicity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic low-dose (2-3 mg/kg/day) rotenone infusion produces clinical features and biological markers of Parkinson's disease (PD) in some rats. A significant proportion of rats, however, die of acute rotenone toxicity. Most studies have focused on chronic rotenone-infused rats. It has not been established if the animals that die of acute low-dose rotenone toxicity manifest clinical or pathological evidence of PD. In the present study, six rats that received continuous 3 mg/kg/day subcutaneous rotenone infusion, became moribund and were euthanized after five days were compared with ten vehicle infused animals sacrificed 14, 28 or 56 days after placebo infusion. All rotenone-infused rats had significant motor function decline beginning one day after the infusion and progressive worsening in the physical condition until they became severely akinetic, at which point they were euthanized. In the substantia nigra of rotenone-treated rats, four of six had reduced numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and all six had increased nigral alpha-synuclein expression. Our observations show that even a short duration of low-dose subcutaneous rotenone infusion can induce clinical and pathological markers of PD in some rats. The pathophysiology of the enhanced susceptibility to PD in some animals remains to be established.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".