GPR survey of a Holocene aeolian/fluvial/lacustrine succession, Lauder Sandhills, Manitoba, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A stream cut-bank at Flintstone Hill, Lauder Sandhills, Glacial Lake Hind Basin, southwestern Manitoba, exposes an extensive Holocene sedimentary sequence. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is used to determine lateral continuity of four major stratigraphic units (wetland complex, Mid-Holocene aeolian dune, sandsheet/fluvial, Late Holocene aeolian dune) and to image primary sedimentary features within the dune strata. Depth of GPR signal penetration is only about 5 m. Signal attenuation is attributed to the presence of primarily pedogenic silts/clays and carbonate- and iron sesquioxide-rich horizons within the sandier units. Nevertheless, the stratigraphic units are shown by GPR, and confirmed by core data, to be laterally continuous within the survey area. Finer-scale dune strata are not well displayed in the aeolian units. Signal attenuation above the Mid-Holocene unit and relatively high iron sesquioxide concentrations within the unit limit imaging of well-preserved dune foreset strata. In the Late Holocene unit, depositional strata are poorly preserved and GPR primarily images soil A-horizons formed on surfaces of temporary stabilization within the dune sediment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".