Selective partitioning of dietary fatty acids into the VLDL TG pool in the early postprandial period

Circulating triacylglycerol (TG) arises mainly from dietary fat. However, little is known about the entry of dietary fat into the major TG pool, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) TG. We used a novel method to study the specific incorporation of dietary fatty acids into postprandial VLDL TG in humans. Eight healthy volunteers (age 25.4 ± 2.2 years, body mass index 22.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2) were fed a mixed meal containing 30 g fish oil and 600 mg [1-13C]palmitic acid. Chylomicrons and VLDL were separated using immunoaffinity against apolipoprotein B-100. The fatty acid composition of lipoproteins was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. [1-13C]palmitic acid started to appear in VLDL TG 3 h after meal intake, and a similar delay was observed for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Approximately 20% of dietary fatty acids entered the VLDL TG pool 6 h after meal intake. DHA was clearly overincorporated into this pool compared with [1-13C]palmitic acid and EPA. This seemed to depend on a marked elevation of this fatty acid in the nonesterified fatty acid pool.In summary, the contribution of dietary fatty acids to early postprandial VLDL TG is substantial. The role of DHA in VLDL TG production will require further investigation. Circulating triacylglycerol (TG) arises mainly from dietary fat. However, little is known about the entry of dietary fat into the major TG pool, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) TG. We used a novel method to study the specific incorporation of dietary fatty acids into postprandial VLDL TG in humans. Eight healthy volunteers (age 25.4 ± 2.2 years, body mass index 22.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2) were fed a mixed meal containing 30 g fish oil and 600 mg [1-13C]palmitic acid. Chylomicrons and VLDL were separated using immunoaffinity against apolipoprotein B-100. The fatty acid composition of lipoproteins was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. [1-13C]palmitic acid started to appear in VLDL TG 3 h after meal intake, and a similar delay was observed for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Approximately 20% of dietary fatty acids entered the VLDL TG pool 6 h after meal intake. DHA was clearly overincorporated into this pool compared with [1-13C]palmitic acid and EPA. This seemed to depend on a marked elevation of this fatty acid in the nonesterified fatty acid pool. In summary, the contribution of dietary fatty acids to early postprandial VLDL TG is substantial. The role of DHA in VLDL TG production will require further investigation. Exaggerated postprandial triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations have long been associated with coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis (1Austin M.A. Plasma triglyceride and coronary heart disease.Arterioscler. Thromb. 1991; 11: 2-14Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). It has been proposed that an accumulation of chylomicron remnants is the major contributor to the atherogenic state (2Zilversmit D.B. Atherogenesis: a postprandial phenomenon.Circulation. 1979; 60: 473-485Crossref PubMed Scopus (1419) Google Scholar). However, in the postprandial period, more than 90% of TG-rich lipoproteins (TRL) are very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) (3Cohn J.S. Johnson E.J. Millar J.S. Cohn S.D. Milne R.W. Marcel Y.L. Russell R.M. Schaefer E.J. Contribution of apoB-48 and apoB-100 triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) to postprandial increases in the plasma concentration of TRL triglycerides and retinyl esters.J. Lipid Res. 1993; 34: 2033-2040Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 4Schneeman B.O. Kotite L. Todd K.M. Havel R.J. Relationships between the responses of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in blood plasma containing apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100 to a fat-containing meal in normolipidemic humans.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1993; 90: 2069-2073Crossref PubMed Scopus (229) Google Scholar). Prolonged accumulation of VLDL in the postprandial period is seen with diets rich in saturated fatty acids (5Bergeron N. Havel R.J. Influence of diets rich in saturated and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the postprandial responses of apolipoproteins B-48, B-100, E, and lipids in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1995; 15: 2111-2121Crossref PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar). Despite the link between dietary fat and VLDL TG, few attempts have been made to study the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into the VLDL TG pool in vivo in humans. VLDL and chylomicron remnants are similar in size and composition, and separation of the lipoprotein classes cannot be achieved by conventional methods such as ultracentrifugation. However, the structural protein, apolipoprotein B (apoB), differs between TRL derived from the intestine (apoB-48) and that derived from the liver (apoB-100) (6Kane J.P. Hardman D.A. Paulus H.E. Heterogeneity of apolipoprotein B: isolation of a new species from human chylomicrons.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1980; 77: 2465-2469Crossref PubMed Scopus (340) Google Scholar). ApoB-48 and apoB-100 are encoded by the same gene, but a post-transcriptional modification of apoB-100 occurs in the enterocyte, producing apoB-48 (7Powell L.M. Wallis S.C. Pease R.J. Edwards Y.H. Knott T.J. Scott J. A novel form of tissue-specific RNA processing produces apolipoprotein-B-48 in intestine.Cell. 1987; 50: 831-840Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (708) Google Scholar). ApoB-48 is homologous to the N-terminal 48% of apoB-100, but shares no homology with the C-terminal end of apoB-100. Monoclonal antibodies, which recognize epitopes in apoB-100 but not in apoB-48, have therefore been used to separate and examine the lipid and apolipoprotein composition of chylomicrons and VLDL, respectively (3Cohn J.S. Johnson E.J. Millar J.S. Cohn S.D. Milne R.W. Marcel Y.L. Russell R.M. Schaefer E.J. Contribution of apoB-48 and apoB-100 triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) to postprandial increases in the plasma concentration of TRL triglycerides and retinyl esters.J. Lipid Res. 1993; 34: 2033-2040Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 4Schneeman B.O. Kotite L. Todd K.M. Havel R.J. Relationships between the responses of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in blood plasma containing apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100 to a fat-containing meal in normolipidemic humans.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1993; 90: 2069-2073Crossref PubMed Scopus (229) Google Scholar, 8Milne R.W. Weech P.K. Blanchette L. Davignon J. Alaupovic P. Marcel Y.L. Isolation and characterization of apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100 very low density lipoproteins from type III hyperlipoproteinemic subjects.J. Clin. Invest. 1984; 73: 816-823Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar, 9Björkegren J. Hamsten A. Milne R.W. Karpe F. Alterations of VLDL composition during alimentary lipemia.J. Lipid Res. 1997; 38: 301-314Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 10Björkegren J. Karpe F. Milne R.W. Hamsten A. Differences in apolipoprotein and lipid composition between human chylomicron remnants and very low density lipoproteins isolated from fasting and postprandial plasma.J. Lipid Res. 1998; 39: 1412-1420Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 11Björkegren J. Boquist S. Samnegård A. Lundman P. Tornvall P. Ericsson C.G. Hamsten A. Accumulation of apolipoprotein C–I-rich and cholesterol-rich VLDL remnants during exaggerated postprandial triglyceridemia in normolipidemic patients with coronary artery disease.Circulation. 2000; 101: 227-230Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 12Terce F. Milne R.W. Weech P.K. Davignon J. Marcel Y.L. Apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100 very low density lipoproteins. Comparison in dysbetalipoproteinemia (type III) and familial hypertriglyceridemia (type IV).Arteriosclerosis. 1985; 5: 201-211Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). However, this technique has not been used to study the dynamic aspects of lipid metabolism, such as the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into TRL in the postprandial state. The first aim of this study was to investigate the appearance of dietary fatty acids in hepatic TRL in the postprandial state in normal healthy subjects. Studies of postprandial lipid metabolism have shown that fatty acid uptake by adipose tissue is highly regulated and that significant amounts of hydrolysed fatty acids are not taken up by the tissue but are released as nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) (13Frayn K.N. Coppack S.W. Fielding B.A. Humphreys S.M. Coordinated regulation of hormone-sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase in human adipose tissue in vivo: implications for the control of fat storage and fat mobilization.Adv. Enzyme. Regul. 1995; 35: 163-178Crossref PubMed Scopus (150) Google Scholar, 14Coppack S.W. Fisher R.M. Gibbons G.F. Humphreys S.M. McDonough M.J. Potts J.L. Frayn K.N. Postprandial substrate deposition in human forearm and adipose tissues in vivo.Clin. Sci. 1990; 79: 339-348Crossref PubMed Scopus (158) Google Scholar). In particular, postprandial uptake of both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3) by adipose tissue is proportionally reduced, compared with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. In fact, accumulation of EPA and DHA in the NEFA pool has been observed in the postprandial period (15Summers L.K. Barnes S.C. Fielding B.A. Beysen C. Ilic V. Humphreys S.M. Frayn K.N. Uptake of individual fatty acids into adipose tissue in relation to their presence in the diet.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000; 71: 1470-1477Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar). Furthermore, it has also been reported that the EPA:DHA ratio is significantly decreased in the NEFA pool compared with that in the plasma TG pool (16Gibney M.J. Daly E. The incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into plasma lipid and lipoprotein fractions in the postprandial phase in healthy volunteers.Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994; 48: 866-872PubMed Google Scholar, 17Zuijdgeest van Leeuwen S.D. Dagnelie P.C. Rietveld T. van den Berg J.W. Wilson J.H. Incorporation and washout of orally administered n-3 fatty acid ethyl esters in different plasma lipid fractions.Br. J. Nutr. 1999; 82: 481-488Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar, 18Sanders T.A. Hinds A. Pereira C.C. Influence of n-3 fatty acids on blood lipids in normal subjects.J. Intern. Med. 1989; 225: 99-104Crossref Scopus (49) Google Scholar, 19Leaf D.A. Connor W.E. Barstad L. Sexton G. Incorporation of dietary n-3 fatty acids into the fatty acids of human adipose tissue and plasma lipid classes.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995; 62: 68-73Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar). This may indicate selective metabolism between these two n-3 fatty acids. Few studies have looked at the EPA:DHA ratio in lipoprotein TG in the postprandial period (16Gibney M.J. Daly E. The incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into plasma lipid and lipoprotein fractions in the postprandial phase in healthy volunteers.Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994; 48: 866-872PubMed Google Scholar, 20Sadou H. Leger C.L. Descomps B. Barjon J.N. Monnier L. Crastes de Paulet A. Differential incorporation of fish-oil eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate into lipids of lipoprotein fractions as to their a and study in healthy J. Clin. Nutr. 1995; 62: PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar). the aim of this study was to investigate is selective of dietary EPA and DHA in the postprandial state. The were and with a of and a body mass index of a fasting concentration of a fasting TG concentration of and a fasting concentration of The study was by the and the the state the a g were to and to from and A was into an of the and blood were taken at and were a mixed meal of g and a containing g of fat. The fat of 30 g fish oil g and g oil to a of fatty acids. of [1-13C]palmitic acid were to the The composition and fatty acid composition of the meal are shown in and The was and the in the the composition of from and oil from and in a new of from and saturated fatty monounsaturated fatty from and in a new saturated fatty monounsaturated fatty acid. were into for of plasma and lipoprotein Plasma was separated by at g for for plasma TG, and were at Plasma TG, and lipoprotein TG concentrations were with from and NEFA concentrations were with from and of the were and with an an of of were separated by in a density F. G. T. Hamsten A. of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during alimentary lipemia.J. Clin. Invest. 1993; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). was in a at at The were for to lipoproteins and for a further h to The from was into and on were separated from plasma taken at and and at and after the mixed were further separated by immunoaffinity using the specific and against apoB-100, which not with apoB-48 R.W. Weech P.K. Blanchette L. Davignon J. Alaupovic P. Marcel Y.L. Isolation and characterization of apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100 very low density lipoproteins from type III hyperlipoproteinemic subjects.J. Clin. Invest. 1984; 73: 816-823Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar, Y.L. Milne R.W. of of human apolipoprotein B using against low density Biol. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). of was as by Milne R.W. Weech P.K. Blanchette L. Davignon J. Alaupovic P. Marcel Y.L. Isolation and characterization of apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100 very low density lipoproteins from type III hyperlipoproteinemic subjects.J. Clin. Invest. 1984; 73: 816-823Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar). mg of mg of and mg of were to of of apoB-48 and B-100 was in containing the in The was and TRL mg TRL was to the of the The was the a h period to The was by the and further was with of was by the with The which were to the were by with was in were with and at for The was by density using a similar to that used of was into was to the of to a were for h as The were by into and on F. Hamsten A. of apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100 in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by Lipid Res. 1994; 35: Full Text PDF PubMed Google that the was of of apoB-100 was in the this will be the VLDL in the of apoB-48 and apoB-100 and will be the as it is chylomicron The of lipoproteins using the immunoaffinity method was ± and ± as by of apoB-100 and lipoprotein TG, of specific fatty lipids were from plasma from lipoprotein fractions by using J. G. A method for the isolation and of from Biol. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). separation of the lipid classes by and of fatty acids with gas was used to the fatty acid composition of plasma TG, TG, chylomicron TG, and VLDL TG B.A. J. R.M. J.S. Frayn K.N. Postprandial the of an early by specific dietary fatty acid during J. Clin. Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, P. A method for separation of fatty acids and esters from plasma by J. Nutr. 2000; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The concentrations of the individual fatty acids were by to to the plasma during lipid acid for NEFA and for lipoprotein TG. was analyzed by gas ratio mass as by Frayn K.N. of dietary fatty acid in adipose tissue and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). A meal was and analyzed using gas to specific fatty acid were analyzed with Postprandial and lipoprotein responses were analyzed by using as a Differences between and VLDL TG composition were also by using and as was The plasma TG from ± to at ± 3 h after the meal the TG concentration to at 6 plasma NEFA concentrations were in to the from ± to a of ± at 3 and to at 6 h was also a significant in plasma from ± in the fasting at at ± and to by 6 and postprandial TG concentrations of and lipoproteins are shown in TG and TG significantly in to the meal The in TG of lipoproteins in both and with the in plasma TG. TG to at 6 TG than at 6 TG concentrations of both chylomicron remnants and VLDL after the was a significant in chylomicron TG and the postprandial in chylomicron TG a similar to that in TG, the postprandial in VLDL TG was not significant The postprandial appearance of [1-13C]palmitic acid in NEFA and TRL TG is shown in [1-13C]palmitic acid was into both and TG and the were similar to that of plasma TG The concentration at 3 h in TG and 6 h In the the concentration was than in TG and at 6 h after the was also a accumulation of [1-13C]palmitic acid in the NEFA pool. [1-13C]palmitic acid was into both VLDL and chylomicron TG However, the were different for acid incorporation into VLDL TG and chylomicron TG. The [1-13C]palmitic acid incorporation into the chylomicron remnants that of plasma TG, was at a delay the in the VLDL TG pool. The concentration was in VLDL TG compared with TG. The postprandial appearance of EPA and DHA in and TRL TG is shown in In was a in both EPA and DHA in lipoprotein TG and both at concentrations 6 h after the The of EPA to DHA in the the composition of the meal ratio EPA and DHA were into both VLDL and chylomicron TG and at the same as acid in both However, was a significant in the concentrations of n-3 in these two TG in chylomicron TG, EPA concentration at ± at DHA concentration at ± at in VLDL TG, EPA concentration was ± at DHA concentration was ± at this The EPA:DHA ratio in TG was ± the EPA:DHA ratio was significantly in the VLDL TG pool at ± The of EPA and DHA to [1-13C]palmitic acid in lipoprotein TG and NEFA are shown in the acid ratio and the acid ratio in TG were similar to in the In the VLDL TG pool, was a in the of of DHA of [1-13C]palmitic the acid ratio the same as in the the acid ratio was significantly than the acid ratio in the NEFA pool, and the ratio of acid seen in the In summary, EPA incorporation into VLDL TG is similar to that of [1-13C]palmitic the incorporation to be The study a novel method for dietary fatty acids into both the and hepatic TG in VLDL and chylomicron remnants have similar and it is therefore to separate by conventional ultracentrifugation. immunoaffinity isolated a VLDL as by The lipoproteins. This with the J. Hamsten A. Milne R.W. Karpe F. Alterations of VLDL composition during alimentary lipemia.J. Lipid Res. 1997; 38: 301-314Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google and it has been that the VLDL are E. A. Havel R.J. of an apolipoprotein of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins isolated from human blood plasma with a to apolipoprotein Lipid Res. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). This is the first that this technique has been used to dietary fatty acids both the and in the postprandial fatty acids were into plasma TRL after meal intake. incorporation was observed lipoproteins were separated into chylomicron remnants and acid was into the chylomicron TG pool, after a the incorporation into the VLDL TG pool was substantial. liver studies have shown a of incorporation of acid into VLDL TG N. between fatty acid and in the production of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by the Lipid Res. 1984; Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). In the EPA and DHA were into the VLDL TG pool at the same as a saturated fatty acid. the appearance of different the that dietary fatty acids are into VLDL from an early in the postprandial of it may be to the contribution of dietary fat to the postprandial VLDL TG pool the the of the VLDL and chylomicron remnants are similar Schaefer E.J. apolipoprotein B-48 and with Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1999; PubMed Scopus Google to the in composition of these two J. Karpe F. Milne R.W. Hamsten A. Differences in apolipoprotein and lipid composition between human chylomicron remnants and very low density lipoproteins isolated from fasting and postprandial plasma.J. Lipid Res. 1998; 39: 1412-1420Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). chylomicron studies have that of lipid is from chylomicrons to chylomicron remnants F. T. Hamsten A. in for of chylomicrons and of to chylomicron Lipid Res. 1997; 38: Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). the of appearance of fatty acids in both the VLDL TG pool and the chylomicron TG pool was and therefore it be that the entry of dietary fat into both occurs at the same this of it may be that as as 20% of dietary fat is as VLDL TG the postprandial period a It be that the early appearance of dietary fat in the VLDL TG pool the of TG and between VLDL and chylomicrons in by the studies have the of lipids between VLDL and chylomicrons by using retinyl chylomicrons and chylomicron esters are in the intestine after of and are into chylomicrons with dietary fat. in chylomicron remnants are taken up by the and released as to retinyl The from these studies are in studies that very little is from chylomicrons to VLDL In of chylomicron and retinyl Res. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, D.B. of retinyl and esters between lipoproteins of PubMed Scopus Google in vivo studies that this is In and using to Cohn (3Cohn J.S. Johnson E.J. Millar J.S. Cohn S.D. Milne R.W. Marcel Y.L. Russell R.M. Schaefer E.J. Contribution of apoB-48 and apoB-100 triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) to postprandial increases in the plasma concentration of TRL triglycerides and retinyl esters.J. Lipid Res. 1993; 34: 2033-2040Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google separated lipoproteins from TRL an fat with and that of was in the apoB-100 TRL at 6 h after meal intake. The appearance of in apoB-100 TRL in vivo may that be in VLDL We that the and early incorporation of dietary fatty acids into the VLDL pool cannot be to by The of the TG fatty acid composition in the VLDL pool against the entry of dietary fat into the VLDL TG pool were by between VLDL and it be that the composition of dietary fatty acid be similar in these TG We that the n-3 of VLDL TG and chylomicron TG were chylomicrons and their remnants TG with DHA and EPA in concentrations to the VLDL TG was more with DHA than with EPA. In fact, the EPA:DHA ratio in the VLDL TG pool was that seen in the TG pool, of EPA into VLDL TG. The different the that dietary fat is and into the VLDL TG pool hepatic The incorporation of the and [1-13C]palmitic acid into VLDL TG and chylomicron TG may also an into the hepatic of dietary fatty acid into VLDL TG the of EPA DHA of it is that is a between the different the acid and acid in the seen in the the acid ratio increases by in the VLDL TG pool, the acid ratio This clearly that DHA is into VLDL TG, compared with both EPA and [1-13C]palmitic acid. are two of dietary fat to the liver in the postprandial The first pool dietary fatty acids that have been released by lipoprotein lipase but not taken up by adipose The pool dietary fat in chylomicron which are taken up by the It is that as as of dietary fat is taken up as TG by the a of dietary fat tissue uptake and is to the liver as NEFA to T. metabolism in of fatty acids in plasma and of lipids as analyzed by Lipid Res. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). In it is that NEFA concentration is associated with VLDL that NEFA is major of fatty acids for the TG pool. We have that the acid ratio in the NEFA pool was that seen in the the chylomicron remnants were in EPA. the chylomicron remnants were the of TG, it be that VLDL TG have a of EPA than the the acid ratio in the NEFA pool was that seen in the and the VLDL TG pool of of that NEFA is a major for VLDL TG. DHA in both the NEFA pool and fasting VLDL TG have been (15Summers L.K. Barnes S.C. Fielding B.A. Beysen C. Ilic V. Humphreys S.M. Frayn K.N. Uptake of individual fatty acids into adipose tissue in relation to their presence in the diet.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000; 71: 1470-1477Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar, M.J. Daly E. The incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into plasma lipid and lipoprotein fractions in the postprandial phase in healthy volunteers.Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994; 48: 866-872PubMed Google Scholar, 20Sadou H. Leger C.L. Descomps B. Barjon J.N. Monnier L. Crastes de Paulet A. Differential incorporation of fish-oil eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate into lipids of lipoprotein fractions as to their a and study in healthy J. Clin. Nutr. 1995; 62: PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar). In particular, (15Summers L.K. Barnes S.C. Fielding B.A. Beysen C. Ilic V. Humphreys S.M. Frayn K.N. Uptake of individual fatty acids into adipose tissue in relation to their presence in the diet.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000; 71: 1470-1477Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google that the EPA:DHA ratio in plasma NEFA was significantly than that in the similar composition of chylomicron TG and meal fatty acids. In a dietary H. Leger C.L. Descomps B. Barjon J.N. Monnier L. Crastes de Paulet A. Differential incorporation of fish-oil eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate into lipids of lipoprotein fractions as to their a and study in healthy J. Clin. Nutr. 1995; 62: PubMed Scopus (53) Google the incorporation of EPA and DHA into and of two lipoprotein a VLDL and and an EPA:DHA were similar to of the observed EPA:DHA in TG were similar to the NEFA observed by that the composition of the VLDL TG pool may be by the NEFA pool, as by the The of DHA into both the VLDL TG and NEFA be to of n-3 TG B. A. B. of fatty acid esters of human chylomicrons by lipoprotein J. Clin. Invest. 1989; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, T. C. G. B. A. of chylomicron fatty acid esters with lipoprotein lipase and hepatic 1991; PubMed Scopus Google as it has been shown that are compared with In it is that tissue uptake of n-3 occurs in the postprandial further the of DHA in the NEFA pool. In have a new method for dietary fatty acids into TRL TG. This is the first study to that dietary fatty acids are into the VLDL TG pool, of dietary fatty acids for further uptake by is also significant of fatty acids into different lipid the liver hepatic TG as seen by incorporation of n-3 into the VLDL TG pool. In particular, dietary DHA to be into apoB-100 TRL This was by a from the a is a apolipoprotein B docosahexaenoic acid eicosapentaenoic acid retinyl triacylglycerol

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