Towards reliable 5Gbps wave-pipelined and 3Gbps surfing interconnect in 65nm FPGAs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
FPGA user clocks are slow enough that only a fraction of the interconnect's bandwidth is actually used. There may be an opportunity to use throughput-oriented interconnect to decrease routing congestion and wire area using on-chip serial signaling, especially for datapath designs which operate on words instead of bits. To do so, these links must operate reliably at very high bit rates. We compare wave pipelining and surfing source-synchronous schemes in the presence of power supply and crosstalk noise. In particular, supply noise is a critical modeling challenge; better models are needed for FPGA power grids. Our results show that wave pipelining can operate at rates as high as 5Gbps for short links, but it is very sensitive to noise in longer links and must run much slower to be reliable. In contrast, surfing achieves a stable operating bit rate of 3Gbps and is relatively insensitive to noise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".