The Use of Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy and Laser – Raman Spectroscopy in Bladder Malignancy Diagnosis, A comparative Study
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in Africa. It takes several days to reach a diagnosis usinghistological examinations of specimens obtained by endoscope, which increases the medical expense.Spectroscopic analysis of bladder cancer tissues has received considerable attention due to its sensitivity tobiochemical variations in the samples. The present study investigated the use of FTIR and laser Ramanspectrometer as diagnose tools of bladder cancer. Fourteen bladder samples were collected from 7 patientsduring surgery from different hospitals without any pretreatment. FTIR, with a ceramic source, was used todifferentiate between normal and cancerous bladder tissues via the change in the spectra of these samples. Theinvestigations detected obvious spectroscopic change in the proteins (1650, 1550 cm-1), lipids (2925, 2850 cm-1)and nucleic acid (1080, 1236 cm-1).With FT Raman spectrometer supplied with Nd:YAG laser, as an excitation light source, samples were studiedand significant differences between the normal and cancerous bladder tissues were found around Raman shifts of1650 cm-1, 1440 cm-1 , 1270 cm-1 and 1080 cm-1 . The comparison between the two techniques showed thatRaman spectroscopy holds much promising as a rapid, sensitive, nondestructive method, and easy to use as analternative method for identification and diagnosis of bladder cancerous tissues.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it