Vivienda net-zero en Mexicali, B.C, un camino hacia las políticas energéticas en desarrollos habitacionales sustentables
Bibliographic record
Abstract
En México, la energía es considerada una de las actividades económicas más importantes; además de constituir la fuente principal del ingreso público. El sector energético contribuye al PIB en un 3%; las exportaciones petroleras representan el 8.4% del total nacional y los impuestos de los hidrocarburos aportan el 37% de los ingresos fiscales. En esta investigación, se realizó una evaluación térmica de dos viviendas ubicadas en Mexicali, B.C.; una denominada caso base y otra Net-Zero. La primera es la vivienda con el sistema constructivo tal y como el desarrollador la entrega, y la segunda, es una vivienda a la cual se le aplicaron los sistemas de aislamientos propuesto por Norma 460 de eficiencia energética mexicana (NMX-460), además de los electrodomésticos de alta eficiencia, focos ahorradores y sistemas de aire acondicionado EER 13. Las viviendas evaluadas son de interés medio alto, con una superficie aproximada de 137 m2; los objetivos generales de esta investigación se centraron en reducir la vivienda caso base con un consumo eléctrico anual de 15,000 kWh a una línea base de consumo mínima (Net-Zero) de 8000 kWh, consumo que permitirá diseñar un sistema fotovoltaico que servirá para autoabastecer a la propia vivienda; aunado a esto, el programa REEP (Renewable Energy Efficiency Program), fondo canadiense se involucró en la financiación del programa piloto de monitoreo de vivienda Net-Zero, sumándose a este esfuerzo la CONAVI (Comisión Nacional de Vivienda) y apoyando con la validación y factibilidad de dicho proyecto en la parte técnica-operativa la CFE (Comisión Federal de Electricidad) subdivisión Mexicali. Los resultados mostraron que la vivienda Net-Zero es posible desarrollarla bajo el contexto Mexicano, con el sentido de generar políticas energéticas que direccionen desde la construcción del sistema físico, las tecnologías aplicadas, los electrodomésticos utilizados, los sistemas de aire acondicionado eficientes, el patrón de uso de la misma, así como las características de la energía fotovoltaica y sus técnicas de aplicación, tanto de interconexión a la red como los sistemas de medidores bidireccionales aplicados a este tipo de sistemas. Finalmente, la investigación muestra el costo beneficio y el retorno de inversión de un sistema fotovoltaico aplicado a una vivienda con estas características. In Mexico, energy is considered one of the most important economic activities; besides constituting the main source of public inputs, the power sector contributes the PIB in a 3%; petroleum exports represent the 8 4% of the national total and the hydrocarbon taxes contribute 37% of the fiscal income. In this investigation, a thermal evaluation of two houses located in Mexicali, B.C. was made; one denominated as case base and the other as Net-Zero. First we have the house with the constructive system as the developer delivers it and the second, is a house to which insulation systems were applied, proposed by Mexican energy efficiency norm 460 (NMX-460), besides the electric home appliances of high efficiency, saving and air conditioned systems EER 14. The evaluated dwellings are medium high interest, with an approximated surface of 137 m2, the general purpose of this research consists in reducing the dwelling case base with an annual electrical consumption of 15.000 kWh to a minimum consumption (Net-Zero) of 8000 kWh, allowing to design a photovoltaic system that will serve to self supply the house; combined to this, REEP (Renewable Energy Efficiency Program) Canadian funds, that became involved in the financed test monitoring program of Net-Zero dwelling, included to this effort the CONAVI (National Commission of Dwelling) and supported with the validation and feasibility of this project in the technique-operative part by CFE (Federal Commission of Electricity) Mexicali’s subdivision. The results showed that it is possible to develop the Net-Zero house under a Mexican context, with the intention of generating energetic policies that conduct the construction of the physical system, the applied technologies, the used electric home appliances, the efficient air conditioned systems, the factor use, the characteristics of photovoltaic energy and their technicians meaning the ones in charge of interconnection to the network like the systems of bidirectional measurers applied to this type of systems. Finally the research shows the cost benefit and the reinvestment applying photovoltaic systems to a house with these characteristics and the energy policies that must be considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".