Evaluation of Antioxidant Cellulose Nanocrystals and Applications in Gellan Gum Films
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The research described herein shows the treatment of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) led to antioxidant properties after 2 h of interaction with a redox pair—hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ascorbic acid (AA)—and 20 kGy irradiation. This procedure enhanced the surface of CNCs to react for 24 h with the antioxidant gallic acid (GA) at different mass ratios of CNC/GA (R=0.66 and 8). Each step of the modification was evaluated, but optimal results were found on CNC-H2O2-AA-γ-GA. Different analysis such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy exposed the apparition of a new band at 1730 cm−1, which can be explained by the formation of carbonyl groups on CNC. By studying the ultraviolet spectra of the different solutions, it was noticed that at wavelengths ∼290-nm intensity increases, showing a possible formation of aldehyde and carboxylic acids groups. This latter group was evaluated via conductometric titration, observing that CNC-H2O2-AA-γ-GA possesses 132 mmol COOH/kg and 8 mM Trolox eq/mL solution. A reduction in the thermal stability of CNC-H2O2-AA-γ-GA was found with thermogravimetric analysis, which confirms changes to the CNC surface. A 20% solution of the modified CNC-H2O2-AA-γ-GA was introduced onto a gellan gum matrix to create antioxidant film applications and enhanced mechanical properties. Improved (p≤0.05) tensile strength, tensile modulus, and water vapor permeability were observed with a decrease at the elongation at break in the film packaging formulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".