The variation of piezoelectric and electrostrictive strain as a function of frequency and applied electric field using an interferometric technique
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A Zygo laser interferometer system has been used to measure the strain induced in piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and electrostrictive lead magnesium niobate (PMN) based ceramics. The piezoelectric coefficients d/sub 33/, d/sub 31/ and d/sub 15/ of PZT ceramics have been determined as a function of electric field and frequency. The strain and polarization of PMN-PT ceramics have been measured at AC fields of up to 4 MV/m. For PMN-based ceramics, the results suggest that a quadratic relation of strain with polarization (S=Q/spl middot/P/sup 2/) is not valid at high electric fields and higher order terms must be considered. DC bias measurements at room temperature showed that the maximum d/sub 33/ of PMN-15 ceramics was 800 pm/V at the bias field of 0.67 MV/m and had little frequency dependence in the frequency range from 1 Hz up to 2.5 kHz. However, PMN-38 ceramic, with a maximum d/sub 33/ of 1200 pm/V at the bias field of 0.43 MV/m, showed frequency dependence from 1 Hz up to 2.5 kHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".