Inflammation and epithelial cell injury in AIDS enteropathy: involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Immunosuppressive lentivirus infections, including human, simian, and feline immunodeficiency viruses (HIV, SIV, and FIV, respectively), cause the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), frequently associated with AIDS enteropathy. Herein, we investigated the extent to which lentivirus infections affected mucosal integrity and intestinal permeability in conjunction with immune responses and activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways. Duodenal biopsies from individuals with HIV/AIDS exhibited induction of IL‐1 β, CD3 ε, HLA‐DRA , spliced XBP‐1 ( Xbp‐1s ), and CHOP expression compared to uninfected persons ( P <0.05). Gut epithelial cells exposed to HIV‐1 Vpr demonstrated elevated TNF ‐α., IL‐1 β, spliced Xbp‐1s , and CHOP expression ( P <0.05) together with calcium activation and disruption of epithelial cell monolayer permeability. In addition to reduced blood CD4 + T lymphocyte levels, viral loads in the gut and plasma were high in FIV‐infected animals ( P <0.05). FIV‐infected animals also exhibited a failure to gain weight and increased lactulose/mannitol ratios compared with uninfected animals ( P <0.05). Proinflammatory and ER stress gene expression were activated in the ileum of FIV‐infected animals ( P <0.05), accompanied by intestinal epithelial damage with loss of epithelial cells and leukocyte infiltration of the lamina propria. Lentivirus infections cause gut inflammation and ensuing damage to intestinal epithelial cells, likely through induction of ER stress pathways, resulting in disruption of gut functional integrity.—Maingat, F., Halloran, B., Acharjee, S., van Marle, G., Church, D., Gill, M. J., Uwiera, R. R. E., Cohen, E. A., Meddings, J., Madsen, K., Power, C. Inflammation and epithelial cell injury in AIDS enteropathy: involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress. FASEB J. 25, 2211‐2220 (2011). www.fasebj.org
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".