Inflammation and epithelial cell injury in AIDS enteropathy: involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Immunosuppressive lentivirus infections, including human, simian, and feline immunodeficiency viruses (HIV, SIV, and FIV, respectively), cause the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), frequently associated with AIDS enteropathy. Herein, we investigated the extent to which lentivirus infections affected mucosal integrity and intestinal permeability in conjunction with immune responses and activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways. Duodenal biopsies from individuals with HIV/AIDS exhibited induction of IL‐1 β, CD3 ε, HLA‐DRA , spliced XBP‐1 ( Xbp‐1s ), and CHOP expression compared to uninfected persons ( P <0.05). Gut epithelial cells exposed to HIV‐1 Vpr demonstrated elevated TNF ‐α., IL‐1 β, spliced Xbp‐1s , and CHOP expression ( P <0.05) together with calcium activation and disruption of epithelial cell monolayer permeability. In addition to reduced blood CD4 + T lymphocyte levels, viral loads in the gut and plasma were high in FIV‐infected animals ( P <0.05). FIV‐infected animals also exhibited a failure to gain weight and increased lactulose/mannitol ratios compared with uninfected animals ( P <0.05). Proinflammatory and ER stress gene expression were activated in the ileum of FIV‐infected animals ( P <0.05), accompanied by intestinal epithelial damage with loss of epithelial cells and leukocyte infiltration of the lamina propria. Lentivirus infections cause gut inflammation and ensuing damage to intestinal epithelial cells, likely through induction of ER stress pathways, resulting in disruption of gut functional integrity.—Maingat, F., Halloran, B., Acharjee, S., van Marle, G., Church, D., Gill, M. J., Uwiera, R. R. E., Cohen, E. A., Meddings, J., Madsen, K., Power, C. Inflammation and epithelial cell injury in AIDS enteropathy: involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress. FASEB J. 25, 2211‐2220 (2011). www.fasebj.org
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".