Linker Histones Are Mobilized during Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Histones interact with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genomes and localize to replication compartments early during infections. However, HSV-1 genomes do not interact with histones in virions and are deposited in nuclear domains devoid of histones. Moreover, late viral replication compartments are also devoid of histones. The processes whereby histones come to interact with HSV-1 genomes, to be later displaced, remain unknown. However, they would involve the early movement of histones to the domains containing HSV-1 genomes and the later movement away from them. Histones unbind from chromatin, diffuse through the nucleoplasm, and rebind at different sites. Such mobility is upregulated by, for example, phosphorylation or acetylation. We evaluated whether HSV-1 infection modulates histone mobility, using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. All somatic H1 variants were mobilized to different degrees. H1.2, the most mobilized, was mobilized at 4 h and further so at 7 h after infection, resulting in increases in its "free" pools. H1.2 was mobilized to a "basal" degree under conditions of little to no HSV-1 protein expression. This basal mobilization required nuclear native HSV-1 genomes but was independent of HSV-1 proteins and most likely due to cellular responses. Mobilization above this basal degree, and increases in H1.2 free pools, however, depended on immediate-early or early HSV-1 proteins, but not on HSV-1 genome replication or late proteins. Linker histone mobilization is a novel consequence of cell-virus interactions, which is consistent with the dynamic interactions between histones and HSV-1 genomes during lytic infection; it may also participate in the regulation of viral gene expression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".