European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) as alternative dispersers of “water-dispersed” waterlily (Nymphaea alba)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nymphaea alba (white waterlily) is an aquatic plant adapted to dispersal by water. This study assesses the potential of Emys orbicularis (European pond turtle) to disperse seeds undamaged and to contribute to dispersal between isolated water bodies, which cannot be achieved by the standard hydrochorous mode of dispersal. We investigated the effect of seed passage through the turtles' digestive tract on seed viability and germination over a 2-y period. The effect of gut passage differed between seeds germinated in light and in darkness. In light, gut passage delayed germination, both within the first year and between years, but total germination at the end of the study did not differ from that of control seeds. In darkness, gut passage delayed germination within the first year, but accelerated it in the long term, and total germination was higher than that for control seeds. Emys orbicularis can be regarded as a legitimate disperser of Nymphaea alba. The turtles move between different water bodies and can disperse seeds when they do so, which is essential for the colonization or re-colonization of isolated water bodies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".