Antioxidant Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to a Rapid Decline in Lung Function in Smokers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oxidative stress is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of smoking-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We hypothesized that polymorphisms of antioxidant genes glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), GSTT1, GSTP1, and heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) would be associated with susceptibility to accelerated decline of lung function in smokers. We genotyped 621 subjects (299 rapid decliners [change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (DeltaFEV(1)) = -152 +/- 2.5 ml/year] and 322 nondecliners [DeltaFEV(1) = +15 +/- 1.5 ml/year]) selected from among smokers followed for 5 years in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Lung Health Study. Because genotype frequencies were different between ethnic groups, we limited the association study to 594 whites (286 rapid decliners and 308 nondecliners). None of the genotypes studied had a statistically significant effect on decline of lung function when analyzed separately. There was an association between rapid decline of lung function and presence of all three GST polymorphisms (odds ratio [OR] = 2.83; p = 0.03). A combination of a family history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with GSTP1 105Ile/Ile genotype was also associated with rapid decline of lung function (OR = 2.20; p = 0.01). However, due to the multiple comparisons that were made, these associations may represent type 1 error. There was no association between HMOX1 (GT)n alleles and the rate of decline in lung function in smokers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".