Adapting the Doherty amplifier for millimetre-wave CMOS applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates the difficulties of implementing a Doherty power amplifier (DPA) in CMOS at millimetre-wave (mm-wave) frequencies. A simplified circuit-level model of the Doherty is proposed to study the performance limitations of deep sub-micron technologies, namely the output impedance, knee voltage, and breakdown voltage. Subsequently, the trends found with the model are used to implement a reconfigurable DPA at E-band frequencies in a commercially available 90-nm RF-CMOS process. The DPA consumes 21.7 mA from 1.5 V and produces 11.7 dBm of output power at P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1dB</sub> with a P AE of 30.6 % and a 6-dB back-off PAE of 15.6 %. The reconfigurable option is bias controlled and improves the gain by 3.2 dB while increasing the current consumption by 7.1 mA. The circuit footprint is 1.53 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and the efficiency characteristics are within 5 % of the model prediction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".