Examining Consumer Ethnocentrism amongst Jordanians from an Ethnic Group Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Consumer ethnocentrism literature has focused on examining ethnocentric tendencies among consumers from developed countries utilizing the well-known consumer ethnocentrism scale. This study aims to measure Jordanian consumers' ethnocentric tendencies towards Arabian products and to explore how such ethnocentric tendencies vary based on their demographic variables. Data were collected from a total of 372 Arab Jordanian consumers who live in Amman city during the winter of 2008. The findings of the current study indicate that Jordanian consumers have strong ethnocentric tendencies towards purchasing products of Arab countries. Moreover, the findings reveal that Jordanian consumers' ethnocentric tendencies towards purchasing Arabian products did not vary by gender, marital status, income and age. However, geographical location proved to have significant influence on Jordanians' ethnocentric tendencies towards products made in Arab countries. Overall, the concept of consumer ethnocentrism can help Arab and global marketers to develop more effective marketing strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".