Seismic Overstrength in Braced Frames of Modular Steel Buildings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The seismic behavior factor, R, is a critical parameter in contemporary seismic design. In the 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada, the R factor consists of ductility related force modification factor, Rd, and overstrength-related force modification factor, Ro. The choice of these factors for design depends on the structural system type. In this investigation, typical braced frames of Modular Steel Buildings (MSBs) are designed and modeled. Nonlinear static pushover analyses are conducted to study the inelastic behavior of these frames. Structural overstrength resulting from redistribution of internal forces in the inelastic range, design assumptions, and strain hardening behavior of steel and displacement ductility are evaluated and their relationships with some key response parameters are assessed. The results show that the reserve strength of MSB-braced systems is greater than that prescribed by the Canadian code for regular braced systems. It also appears that R depends on building height, contrary to what has been prescribed in many seismic design codes. It is concluded that some unique detailing requirements of MSBs need to be considered during design to eliminate undesirable seismic response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".