Measurements of Higher Harmonics in AC Interference on Pipelines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Recordings of alternating current (AC) pipe to soil potential (PSP) variations have been made using fast-sample (2000 samples/sec) dataloggers. This sampling rate is fast enough to show the waveform of the AC potential variations. The recordings were made on two sections of a pipeline sharing a right-of-way with an AC transmission line. Global Positioning System (GPS) timing on the dataloggers allows the PSP variations to be recorded accurately enough to determine the phase relation between the AC potential variations at different places along the pipeline. A notable feature of the recordings is that they show significant PSP variations, not only at the fundamental AC frequency (60 Hz) but also at the third harmonic (180 Hz). This prompted a comparison of the factors affecting the size of the fundamental and third harmonic PSP variations in a typical pipeline. It is shown that the pipeline can be many hundreds of times more sensitive to the third harmonic than to the fundamental. This suggests that more attention should be paid to the size of the third harmonic AC currents in power lines adjacent to pipelines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".