Exchange Rate Movements, Foreign Direct Investment, and Domestic R&D
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper develops a game-theoretical model to investigate heterogeneous firms’ entry mode choice of international expansion. The distinct feature of this paper is that exchange rate, R&D competition, and intra-industry firm heterogeneity are incorporated into the theoretical framework. The possible impact of a firm’s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) on its R&D spending and other non-OFDI firms’ R&D spending is also examined. Our analytical results indicate that, if host country has lower labor costs, when facing rising domestic labor costs or appreciation of home currency, a firm with lower productivity in production or R&D activity will choose OFDI, whereas the firms with higher productivity will produce at home and export. In addition, our results demonstrate that the impact of OFDI on R&D spending is ambiguous, depending on firm heterogeneity as well as the wage gap between home country and host country.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".