Response of Power Systems to the Temporal Characteristics of Geomagnetic Storms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Power lines are exposed to low frequency electromagnetic fields produced by natural (geomagnetic disturbance) sources. The resulting geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) produce excessive harmonics, which affect power system operations. The analysis presented makes extensive use of GIC data from different measuring sites in North American power grids and of geomagnetic data from different geomagnetic observatories. At low temporal resolution hourly GIC index shows good correlation with hourly geomagnetic index provided there is close proximity of the recorded sites. For higher resolution (one minute) the difference between time variations in GIC and geomagnetic field is significant. Although it has been widely popular to use time derivative of geomagnetic field as a characteristic of GIC, we show that ground conductivity is a critical parameter that needs to be included. This is especially important for sharp changes in geomagnetic field, for example, during the beginning of a geomagnetic storm (storm sudden commencement)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".