Effect of aluminum and silicic acid on the behaviour of the freshwater snail<i>Lymnaea stagnalis</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A major factor influencing the toxicity of Al at neutral pH is the presence of complexing ligands. This study compared the effect of exposure to aluminum nitrate, aluminum lactate, and aluminum maltol, in the presence or absence of monomeric silica (Si), on the behaviour of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Concentrations of Al and Si used were similar to those found in the natural environment. Soluble Al concentration in the water fell significantly with time over 48 h following addition as the nitrate or lactate (500 μg·L -1 ), presumably owing to polymerisation as the colloidal hydroxide. This loss was enhanced by the presence of snails or Si (Al:Si = 1:15). Aluminum maltol largely remained in solution. Snails exposed to all three Al compounds showed depression of behavioural activity after 7 days; this effect was ameliorated in the presence of higher (Al:Si = 1:15) but not lower (Al:Si = 1:1) concentrations of Si. Depression of feeding behaviour occurred with all three Al compounds, although it was delayed in the presence of aluminum maltol. Expression of conditioned feeding was inhibited in snails exposed to aluminum nitrate during training and testing. The behavioural changes are likely to be mirrored in the field, with adverse consequences for the "fitness" of natural populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".