Low Molecular Weight Heparin and Unfractionated Heparin Are Both Effective at Accelerating Pulmonary Vascular Maturation in Neonatal Rabbits
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Creation of a bi-directional cavopulmonary shunt after the Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome is delayed to allow pulmonary vascular resistance to fall with maturation of the pulmonary vascular bed. We hypothesized that unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), which promote angiogenesis and inhibit smooth muscle cell growth, could accelerate this process. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-six newborn rabbits were randomly selected to receive UFH 225U/kg (n=12), LMWH 1 mg/kg (n=14), LMWH 10 mg/kg (n=16), or saline (n=14) by subcutaneous injection every 12 hours for 14 days. Treatment with heparin reduced mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure by 12% to 16% relative to controls [9.0+/-0.2 (UFH), 9.4+/-0.1 (LMWH 1 mg/kg), 9.2+/-0.2 (LMWH 10 mg/kg) versus 10.7+/-0.2 mm Hg (saline), P=0.0001]. Lower PA pressures were associated with reduced alveolar:arterial ratio consistent with enhanced pulmonary angiogenesis in heparin treated animals [8+/-1 (UFH), 13+/-2 (LMWH 1 mg/kg), 12+/-2 (LMWH 10 mg/kg) versus 23+/-5 (saline), P<0.03]. Reduced PA medial wall thickness and muscularization, two additional features of pulmonary vascular maturation, were also more evident in heparin treated animals. Mean PA pressures in 14-day-old rabbits treated with heparin were lower than those measured in control rabbits less than 7 weeks of age suggesting that heparin shortens the pulmonary vascular maturation process by over 60%. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that both UFH and LMWH are effective at accelerating pulmonary vascular maturation in newborn rabbits. This raises the possibility that administration of heparin to children after the Norwood procedure might allow for earlier conversion to a bi-directional cavopulmonary shunt.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".