Effects of Glottal and Lip Boundary Conditions on Vocal-Tract Area Function Estimates from Speech Signals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High-resolution vocal-tract area functions (VTAF) can be derived from vocal-tract filters (VTF) estimated from vowel sound signals with a wide bandwidth. However, the effects of open glottises and frequency-dependent lip reflection coefficients contained in the VTF estimates distort the VTAF estimates. Given VTF estimates obtained over closed glottal phases, we provide a method for eliminating the distortion effects of frequency-dependent lip reflection coefficients on the VTAF estimates. When the VTF estimates contain limited effects of incomplete glottal closures, this method can still obtain reasonable VTAF estimates if the vowel sounds are produced with large lip openings. The VTAF estimates obtained using our method from sounds /a/ produced by different subjects are very similar to that measured using the magnetic resonate imaging method. Theoretically, to eliminate both distortions caused by lip reflection coefficients and incomplete glottal closures in the VTAF estimates, lip-opening areas must be known.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.045 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".