Peristaltic pumping of rigid objects in an elastic tube
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A mathematical model is developed for long peristaltic waves propelling a suspended rigid object down a fluid-filled axisymmetric tube. The fluid flow is described using lubrication theory and the deformation of the tube using linear elasticity. The object is taken to be either an infinitely long rod of constant radius or a parabolic-shaped lozenge of finite length. The system is driven by a radial force imposed on the tube wall that translates at constant speed down the tube axis and with a form chosen to generate a periodic wave train or a solitary wave. These waves exert a traction on the enclosed object, forcing it into motion. Periodic waves drive the infinite rod at a speed that attains a maximum at a moderate forcing amplitude and approaches approximately one quarter of the wave speed in the large-amplitude limit. The finite lozenge can be entrained and driven at the same speed as a solitary wave or periodic wave train if the forcing is sufficiently strong. For weaker forcing, the lozenge is either left behind the solitary wave or interacts repeatedly with the waves in the periodic train to generate stuttering forward progress. The threshold forcing amplitude for entrainment increases weakly with the radial span of the enclosed object, but strongly with the axial length, with entrainment becoming impossible if the object is too long.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".