Numerical study of drop spreading over saturated pores
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Numerical study of the dual effect of pores in liquid spreading over porous surface (flat and spherical) whereby liquid movement is facilitated as well as restricted (visualised by Khanna and Nigam [Khanna and Nigam, Chem. Eng. Sci. 57, 3401–3405 (2002)]) is presented to improve the present understanding of wetting. Using the volume of fluid (VOF) method in a two‐dimensional solution domain, the influence of various parameters viz. drop volume, pore density, surface wettability and liquid properties on the liquid spreading over 2D pellets with saturated pores was numerically investigated. Simulation results were found to capture the key features of the liquid spreading over non‐porous and porous surfaces qualitatively. The variation of spread factor and the apex height of liquid film with time were in a good qualitative agreement with the concept of dual action of pores. The liquid spreading was observed to have a direct proportionality with the pore density, that is, higher the number of pores, better was the liquid spreading. It was also observed that the influence of the pores on the liquid spreading was reduced with decrease in the surface wettability. It is expected that this numerical analysis of the liquid droplet spreading over saturated porous surface will be useful for better understanding of the physics of drop and pore (saturated) interactions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".