Characterization of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid enrichment in laying hens fed an extruded flax enrichment source
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The time required to reach a plateau of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration in plasma and egg yolk and dynamics of the enrichment process were examined in laying hens. A group of 75 Lohmann White Leghorn layers (65 wk) were fed one of 3 diets: control, moderate, or high n-3 PUFA-enriched diet for 18 d. Diets provided similar ME and CP and contained 0, 7.5%, or 15% LinPRO (source of n-3 PUFA), respectively. Prior to dietary treatment, baseline values were established for the BW, fatty acid composition in egg yolk on a whole-egg basis, and in plasma. These measurements were repeated at 6, 12, and 18 d of feeding. Enzymatic conversion rates of linolenic acid (LNA) to long-chain fatty acids were calculated. Data were analyzed with Proc Mixed of SAS, and broken stick analysis was used to determine n-3 PUFA plateau using the NLIN procedure of SAS (P < 0.05). The total egg yolk n-3 PUFA reached a plateau of 343.7 mg/egg and 272.9 mg/egg after 6.6 and 5.9 d on the high and moderate diets, respectively. In blood plasma, the n-3 PUFA concentrations reached saturation in 7.2 d with 0.93 mg/mL and 0.67 mg/mL on high and moderate diets, respectively. The transfer efficiency of total n-3 PUFA from the diet to the egg yolk was calculated as 55.6% in control birds, 30.5% in moderate birds, and 22.2% in high birds, demonstrating reduced transfer efficiency of n-3 PUFA as inclusion in the feed increases. Final egg yolk n-3 PUFA concentrations had a CV of 16.5% compared with 28.5% for plasma. After 12 d, the long-chain n-3 PUFA [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] were significantly higher in egg yolk from hens on the moderate and high enriched diets compared with those from hens fed the control diet, whereas in plasma values did not differ. Broken stick analysis of egg enrichment indicated that high birds reached the target threshold of 300 mg of total n-3 PUFA/egg in 5 d. A significant increase in EPA, DPA, and DHA and reduction in arachidonic acid content in egg yolks from hens fed enriched diets compared with the control diet confirms competition for enzymes during postabsorptive modification of these fatty acids. This work contributes to the understanding of individual hen effects on n-3 PUFA absorption and the effect of level of dietary enrichment with an extruded flax product on final yolk n-3 PUFA concentration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".