Evidence of Recent Population Differentiation in Orange-crowned Warblers (<i>Vermivora celata</i>) in Haida Gwaii
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Haida Gwaii archipelago (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands) off northern British Columbia hosts many endemic taxa of plants and animals, including 9 endemic subspecies of birds. Genetic studies suggest that some of these taxa originated in a glacial refugium in the area, whereas other taxa apparently arose after the recession of the glaciers. The Orange-crowned Warbler (Vermivora celata) is a Nearctic—Neotropic migrant passerine broadly distributed across North America. To gain insight into the importance of historical fragmentation versus recent differentiation in diversification of the Haida Gwaii avifauna, we analyzed geographic variation in 8 microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial control region among Orange-crowned Warblers from 7 breeding localities, including 2 of the 4 currently recognized subspecies (V.c. celata and V. c. lutescens). We found modest genetic differentiation among populations, with an isolation-by-distance pattern among western populations and significant differentiation between subspecies. Results from several analyses indicate that differences between Haida Gwaii and other western populations arose through restrictions in gene flow after the recession of the glaciers. Thus, patterns of genetic diversity in western Orange-crowned Warbler populations do not provide evidence that the species persisted in a Pleistocene refugium in the area of Haida Gwaii.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".