Assessing the structure of membrane proteins: combining different methods gives the full picture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rotor stoichiometry of F-ATPases has been revealed by the combined approaches of X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron crystallography, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). XRD showed the rotor from the yeast mitochondrial F-ATPase to contain 10 subunits. AFM was used to visualize the tetradecameric chloroplast rotors, and electron crystallography and AFM together revealed the rotors from Ilyobacter tartaricus to be composed of 11 subunits. While biochemical methods had determined an approximate stoichiometric value, precise measurements and new insights into a species-dependent rotor stoichiometry became available by applying the three structural tools together. The structures of AQP1, a water channel, and G1pF, a glycerol channel, were determined by electron crystallography and XRD. The combination of both of these structural tools with molecular dynamics simulations gave a differentiated description of the mechanisms determining the selectivity of water and glycerol channels. This illustrates that the combination of different methods in structural biology reveals more than each method alone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".