Triphenylamines as a Class of Redox Shuttle Molecules for the Overcharge Protection of Lithium-Ion Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The number of molecules that have been proposed as shuttle molecules has been steadily growing as research in the area continues. However, the number of molecules that provide lengthy overcharge protection remains small. A class of molecules that provides better than average overcharge protection in lithium-ion coin cells is the triphenylamine class. With the charge spread throughout the three aromatic rings and the central nitrogen, these molecules are stable and have a tuneable oxidation potential, as shown when electron-withdrawing bromines are added to the rings. The oxidation potential of triphenylamine is raised by approximately per bromine added. Also, the addition of bromine can increase the electrochemical stability of triphenylamine, as seen by an increased number of overcharge cycles in coin cells containing tris(4-bromophenyl)amine instead of triphenylamine as the redox shuttle. This stability comes from the bromine preventing the formation of the dimer of triphenylamine, tetraphenylbenzidine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".