Sex Ratios of Fleas (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) in Nests of Tree Swallows (Passeriformes: Hirundinidae) Exposed to Different Chemicals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors have well-known effects on vertebrate population sex ratios, but a variety of chemicals can also affect sex ratios of invertebrates. We tested whether sex ratios of fleas (Ceratophyllus idius Jordan and Rothschild) living in the nests of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor Vieillot) were affected by exposure to environments containing different chemicals. Fleas were collected from nests adjacent to sewage lagoons that received unknown chemical inputs, from nests fumigated with insecticidal vegetation (yarrow, Achillea millefolium L.), from nests treated with both commercial flea powder and diatomaceous earth, and from control nests. The proportion of males was lower in nests treated with both commercial flea powder and diatomaceous earth than it was in nests around the sewage lagoon or in nests to which yarrow had been added. These results suggest potentially novel effects of chemicals on invertebrate populations that would not be revealed by, for example, LD50s.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".