Panic-related responses to pentagastrin, flumazenil, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy volunteers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( TRH) induces some somatic symptoms that resemble those of a panic attack, without being considered to be a laboratory panicogen in panic disorder (PD) patients. This study aimed to identify doses of TRH and the laboratory panicogens, pentagastrin and flumazenil, that would produce a similar intensity of panic-related somatic symptoms in healthy volunteers because comparison of the effects of these doses in PD patients could be used to test the hypothesis that these agents have specific panicogenic effects that are not explained solely by cognitively mediated reactions to somatic symptoms. Nine subjects were administered pentagastrin (0.2 micro g/kg) and TRH (600 or 1,200 micro g) in a double-blind, randomized order, within-subjects design. Fifteen subjects received pentagastrin (0.1 micro g/kg), TRH (600 or 1200 micro g) and flumazenil (2 mg) in a double-blind, randomized order within-subjects design. Although low dose pentagastrin (0.1 micro g/kg) induced comparable cardiorespiratory responses to those of TRH, it induced greater anxiety, suggesting that TRH would not be a credible comparator for pentagastrin in challenge studies in PD. However, TRH produced equal or greater symptom and physiological responses compared with flumazenil, suggesting that flumazenil may act as a panicogen in PD via a GABAergic mechanism rather than via a cognitively mediated response to somatic symptoms. This now requires confirmation in PD patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".