Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide catalyzed by ruthenium trimethylphosphine complexes Effect of gas pressure and additives on rate in the liquid phase
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Kinetic and mechanistic studies of CO 2 hydrogenation were performed in liquid triethylamine and at subcritical CO 2 pressures to avoid complications from phase behaviour that are observed under supercritical conditions. Kinetic measurements of the hydrogenation of CO 2 to formic acid, catalyzed by RuCl(O 2 CMe)(PMe 3 ) 4 , support a CO 2 insertion mechanism. The reaction is first-order in both H 2 and CO 2 under most conditions. The rate is strongly dependent on the choice of additive, with methanol giving the greatest rates. Because only trace amounts of methanol are needed, the effect of the additive is believed to involve direct interactions with the catalyst rather than changes in the physical properties of the reaction medium. The optimized rates exceed 3500 h 1 . Addition of an inert gas affects the rate of the reaction, probably via the phenomenon of gas expansion of the liquid phase.Key words: carbon dioxide, homogeneous catalysis, hydrogenation, formic acid, expanded liquids.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it