S-waves and the near surface: A time-lapse study of S-wave velocity and attenuation in the weathering layer of an Alberta heavy oil field
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study used data from a three-month continuous reservoir monitoring experiment in Peace River, Alberta, Canada to measure spatial and temporal variations in near-surface S-wave velocity (VS) and attenuation (QS) in the weathering layer. The permanently buried sources generate a strong refracted S-wave that was recorded on buried 3C receivers. A method to perform receiver-side up-down separation and extract primary and ghost S-wavefields is presented. These wavefields are then used to measure near-surface VS and QS for the near-surface layer above the buried receivers, which is the top 12 m in this case. The measured VS values range between 180 and 220 m/s and QS values between 8 and 22. Maps of VS and QS show a robust correlation (low VS with low QS) and a clear spatial variation that can be associated with soil type. Both properties increase slowly over a three-month period in one section of the survey area while remaining constant in another. The cumulative increase in VS and QS is 10%.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".