1α,25-Dihydroxy-vitamin D<sub>3</sub> stimulation of bronchial smooth muscle cells induces autocrine, contractility, and remodeling processes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Genetic variants in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene were recently associated with asthma. The biological mechanisms explaining this association are unknown but are likely to involve many cell types given the pleiotropic effect of its ligand, 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3]. Considering the prominent role of bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMCs) in the pathogenesis of asthma, experiments were conducted to explore the gene regulatory effects of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 in these cells. Using RT-PCR and Western blot, we showed that VDR is present both at the mRNA transcript and protein levels in human BSMCs. The functionality of the receptor was then demonstrated by showing a >200-fold change in the expression of the 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) gene following 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 stimulation. Microarray experiments were then performed to identify differentially regulated genes and pathways in BMSCs treated or not with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. A total of 729 probe sets on the U133 plus 2.0 Affymetrix GeneChip showed fold-change differences above the 1.5 threshold using the Robust Multichip Average intensities. This corresponds to 231 unique genes that were upregulated and 215 unique genes that were down-regulated following 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 stimulation. A high similarity between microarray and real-time PCR results was observed for 13 random genes, with a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.91. Real-time PCR was also performed to confirm the regulation of asthma candidate genes. To identify the biological relevance of this regulation, biological pathways analyses were performed. The most significant network of upregulated genes included genes involved in morphogenesis, cell growth, and survival as well as genes encoding structural proteins, which are potentially involved in airway remodeling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".