Genetic divergence among sympatric populations of three species of oyster drills (Urosalpinx) in Cedar Key, Florida
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three gastropod species of the genus Urosalpinx inhabit intertidal and subtidal regions of the southeastern United States. Urosalpinx cinerea (Say, 1822) is native to the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to northeast Florida, while Urosalpinx perrugata (Conrad, 1846) and Urosalpinx tampaensis (Conrad, 1846) are largely restricted to the Gulf of Mexico. The morphological similarity of U. cinerea and U. perrugata is so striking that they have been suggested to be subspecies. We used a combination of molecular and morphological methods to examine divergence among populations of these three nominal species in a newly discovered area of sympatry: Cedar Key, Florida. Significant shell morphological differences were detected among the three species, but overlapping ranges prevented unambiguous discrimination of U. cinerea and U. perrugata. A survey of gene frequencies at nine allozyme-encoding loci in the three Cedar Key populations (together with two allopatric controls) revealed multiple fixed differences between the species, confirming their reproductive isolation. Interspecific mtDNA sequence divergence was extensive (10.3%-17.3%), but well within the range of previously reported congeneric divergences. A neighbor-joining phylogeny grouped U. cinerea with U. perrugata, while U. tampaensis was found to be slightly more divergent. We suggest that the Florida peninsula may have served as a barrier to gene flow, promoting the allopatric speciation of U. cinerea and U. perrugata sometime after the divergence of U. tampaensis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".