Phenotypic plasticity of vegetative and reproductive traits in monoecious and dioecious populations of <i>Sagittaria latifolia</i> (Alismataceae): a clonal aquatic plant
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1 The phenotypic plasticity of vegetative traits is a characteristic feature of aquatic plants, promoting survival and growth in the heterogeneous environments typical of wetlands. Less is known about plastic responses of life-history and reproductive traits, particularly patterns of sex allocation. 2 We investigated the plasticity of vegetative and reproductive traits in Sagittaria latifolia , a clonal aquatic plant whose populations are either monoecious or dioecious. Plants of the two sexual systems exhibit divergent life-history characters associated with the disturbed vs. competitive habitats in which monoecious and dioecious populations occur, respectively. We evaluated the prediction that populations of the two sexual systems would have different patterns of phenotypic plasticity because of the contrasting habitats in which they occur. 3 We grew four clonal replicates of 10 genotypes from seven monoecious and five dioecious populations (total = 480 plants) in two fertilizer treatments under glasshouse conditions and measured components of life history, leaf and flower morphology, and sex allocation. 4 The two sexual systems displayed divergent patterns of plasticity for four life-history traits but only flowering time and ramet production showed the expected pattern of greater plasticity in monoecious populations, and the reverse was true for flower production. Fertilization had opposite effects in the two sexual systems for corm production (increased in monoecious populations) and time to flowering (delayed in dioecious populations). 5 Leaf size generally increased due to the addition of fertilizer; however, this increase was substantially greater in dioecious populations. Larger leaf size in dioecious populations was associated with more convex leaves and greater surface area, potentially increasing light capture in the shaded and more competitive habitats in which these populations occur. 6 We found significant plasticity for female sex allocation in monoecious populations, with more female flowers at higher nutrient levels. However, the majority of populations had a significant genetic component to variation in sex allocation and/or significant genotype × environment interactions. These patterns are consistent with monoecy representing a flexible reproductive strategy for regulating mating opportunities in heterogeneous habitats.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".