Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 on Bone Marrow–Derived Cells Promotes Macrophage Accumulation During Atherogenesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
RATIONALE: We described a critical role for the discoidin domain receptor (DDR)1 collagen receptor tyrosine kinase during atherosclerotic plaque development. Systemic deletion of Ddr1 in Ldlr(-/-) mice accelerated matrix accumulation and reduced plaque size and macrophage content. However, whether these effects reflected an independent role for macrophage DDR1 during atherogenesis remained unresolved. METHODS: In the present study, we performed sex-mismatched bone marrow transplantation using Ddr1(+/+);Ldlr(-/-) and Ddr1(-/-);Ldlr(-/-) mice to investigate the role of macrophage DDR1 during atherogenesis. Chimeric mice with deficiency of DDR1 in bone marrow-derived cells (Ddr1(-/--->+/+)) or control chimeric mice that received Ddr1(+/+);Ldlr(-/-) marrow (Ddr1(+/+-->+/+)) were fed an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. RESULTS: We observed a 66% reduction in atherosclerosis in the descending aorta and a 44% reduction in plaque area in the aortic sinus in Ddr1(-/--->+/+) mice compared to Ddr1(+/+-->+/+) mice. Furthermore, we observed a specific reduction in the number of donor-derived macrophages in Ddr1(-/--->+/+) plaques, suggesting that bone marrow deficiency of DDR1 attenuated atherogenesis by limiting macrophage accumulation in the plaque. We have also demonstrated that the effects of DDR1 on macrophage infiltration and accumulation can occur at the earliest stage of atherogenesis, the formation of the fatty streak. Deficiency of DDR1 limited the appearance of 5-bromodeoxyuridine-labeled monocytes/macrophages in the fatty streak and resulted in reduced lesion size in Ldlr(-/-) mice fed a high fat diet for 2 weeks. In vitro studies to investigate the mechanisms involved revealed that macrophages from Ddr1(-/-) mice had decreased adhesion to type IV collagen and decreased chemotactic invasion of type IV collagen in response to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our data support an independent and critical role for DDR1 in macrophage accumulation at early and late stages of atherogenesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".