Determining the price for pharmaceuticals in Germany: comparing a shortcut for IQWiG's efficiency frontier method with the price set by the manufacturer for ticagrelor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Under the recently enacted pharmaceutical price and reimbursement regulation in Germany, manufacturers and payers negotiate an appropriate reimbursement price for new products. If one of the parties involved wishes so, a formal evaluation of costs and benefits will be conducted by the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). IQWiG makes recommendations for a reimbursement price based on the 'efficiency frontier' in a therapeutic area. The analysis requires, when applicable, to calculate savings in other areas of the healthcare system (cost offsets) and healthcare costs during the years of life gained (i.e., downstream costs). A recent paper described the conditions under which calculation of downstream costs is not required. The purpose of this study is to use the drug ticagrelor as an example to demonstrate this shortcut for the efficiency frontier method. The analysis shows that applying the IQWiG approach would result in substantial savings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".